The Statistical Nature of Strength and Lifetime in Polymer Films and Fibers

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The Astrolabe

An ancient instrument for solving problems of location and distance, as well as time

Astrolábon órganon is the word used in Ptolemaeus Syntaxis 5.1 to describe a form of armillary sphere consisting of both fixed and rotating rings for determining the ecliptic co-ordinates of stars. Also called astrolabe were two-dimensional representations of the celestial sphere: over fixed disks with a representation of the horizon of the earth (in each case for a specific geographic latitude) and its parallels up to the zenith lies a rotating representation of the heavens (called ‘spider’ or ‘net’) with zodiac and indicators for some of the brightest stars. On the back is an indicator (‘alidade’) with visor plates for calculating the height of the stars. The astrolabe allows its user to determine the hours of day and night, the positions of stars, and the height and depth of objects on earth (mountains, buildings, wells). The oldest extant descriptions of the flat, planispheric astrolabe come from Iohannes Philoponus, 6th century AD, and (in Syrian) from Severus Sebokht, c. 660 AD. Indirect references may date back as early as Theon (4th cent.). Between the 8th and the 9th centuries the Arabs appropriated the knowledge of the astrolabe. At the end of the 10th century and again in the 12th century, they passed it on to Western Europe, where astrolabes were constructed up until the 17th cent. Today, one Byzantine astrolabe (from 1062) is extant, as are some 750 Arabic-Islamic astrolabes and approximately the same number of European astrolabes.

This information is abstracted from Brill's New Pauly, the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. For more information see www.brillsnewpauly.com or visit our website catalog: www.brill.nl/bnp
Brill’s New Pauly and the complete original Der Neue Pauly, the recognized standard reference works for students and scholars of the ancient world are also available online. This dual-language edition offers basic and advanced search facilities and is fully browsable. New English translations are added as they become available. See www.paulyonline.brill.nl for more information and a demo version.

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Publications & Services> Books> Book Series> The Statistical Nature of Strength and Lifetime in Polymer Films and Fibers

The Statistical Nature of Strength and Lifetime in Polymer Films and Fibers

B. Tsoi, E.M. Kartashov and V.V. Shevelev

Books

Available
Publication year: 2004


Series:	New Concepts in Polymer Science, 18
ISBN-13 (i)The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) has been changed from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007:	978 90 67 64399 3
ISBN-10:	90 67 64399 8

Cover:	Hardback
Number of pages:	iv, 498 pp.

List price:	€ 238.00 / US$ 353.00

Table of contents

Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1. Strength and fracture of polymers
Kinetics of fracture processes
Temperature and time dependence of strength
Principal results of the mathematical theory of cracks
Chapter 2. Structural discreteness and defects of polymers
Supramolecular organization and structural defects in polymers
Discrete strength spectrum of polymers
Chapter 3. Methods of the investigation of fracture and calculation of strength of polymers
Statistical treatment of experimental results
Calculation of lifetime and strength
Time dependence of strength for polymers in the presence of surface-active medium and under cyclic tests
Lifetime dependence of strength in polymers under non-isothermic loading
Investigation of fracture on the basis of the Griffith criterion
Heat impact and dynamic thermal elasticity
Statistical kinetics of brittle and quasibrittle fracture of polymers
Theory of element scale effect
Chapter 4. Strength states of polymers
Strength and lifetime distribution function for bulk (low-strength) samples
Strength and lifetime distribution of thin (high-strength) polymer films and fibers
Lifetime and strength of bulk and thin samples
Chapter 5. Strength and fracture of the bulk polymer materials
Specific features of temperature – time dependence of strength
Lifetime and fracture under the action of irradiation fields
Lifetime and fracture under separate and mutual action of diffusion media and irradiation fields
Strength and fracture under severe climatic actions
Chapter 6. Discrete strength spectrum and fracture of polymer fibers
Structure and defects of polymer fibers

Discrete strength spectrum
Theoretical, limiting, and real strength in polymer fibers
A discrete spectrum of microdefects of natural and synthetic fibers
Monoelement and multielelement scale effect of strength and interpretation of rope phenomenon
Chapter 7. Discrete strength spectrum and fracture of thin polymer films
Structure and defects of semicrystalline and amorphous polymer films
Discrete spectrum of strength, lifetime, and lengths of microdefects
Discrete strength levels of films based on polymer compositions
Discrete strength levels under joint and separate action of various factors
The principle of temperature-time equivalence, invariability and changes in strength and lifetime levels
Chapter 8. Discrete spectra and correlation between fracture mechanisms of polymers
Lifetime and fracture mechanism of bulk (low-strength) and thin (high-strength) polymer films and fibers
Correlation between fracture mechanisms and their effect on the distribution of the samples at lifetime levels
Chapter 9. Discrete strength spectrum and correlation between fracture and electrophysical properties
Discrete levels of mechanical and electrophysical properties of polymer films
Structural hierarchy – universal property of polymers and solids
Chapter 10. Discrete strength levels, thermofluctuation, relaxation, and statistical nature of scatter in experimental data
Strength levels and relaxation phenomena
Strength and relaxation transitions
Thermofluctuation, relaxation, and statistical treatment of scatter in experimental data
The effect of radiation-induced and natural aging on the structure and relaxation properties of polymer
Chapter 11. Prediction, stabilization, and modification of service properties of polymers from discrete strength spectrum and relaxation spectrometry
Application of discrete strength spectrum for the prediction, strengthening and optimisation of polymer structure
Prediction, stabilization, and modification of structure and service properties of polymers on the basis of the data of relaxation spectrometry
References

Reviews

'...It is a highly theoretical and mathematical treatment of brittle and quasi-brittle fracture of solid polymers. Many of the papers in the 582 references have been published heretofore only in Russian. The research of numerous Russian chemical physicists is summarized and set in a historical context that includes the work of several distinguished non- Russian scientists.'...
D.M. Wiles, Polymer News, 2005.

This monograph is an updated and extended edition of Strength and Fracture of Polymer Films, which was published in Russian in 1999. It presents the results of long-term theoretical and experimental studies of brittle and quasi-brittle fracture of solid polymers. The principal results of a comprehensive and detailed investigation of the statistical features of fracture of polymers and other solids under the conditions of separate and complex action various factors (temperature, mechanical stresses, surface-active media, UV irradiation, gamma-irradiation, chemical admixtures, thermal modification, orientational drawing, etc.) are given.
One of the most interesting and key results of this study concerns the finding of the two principal strength states: low-strength state (bulk samples) and high-strength state (thin films and fibers) as well as establishing a detailed distinction between the modes of their fracture.
This monograph will be of interest to anyone working in the field of polymer films and fibers.

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