International Law on Peacekeeping

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The Astrolabe

An ancient instrument for solving problems of location and distance, as well as time

Astrolábon órganon is the word used in Ptolemaeus Syntaxis 5.1 to describe a form of armillary sphere consisting of both fixed and rotating rings for determining the ecliptic co-ordinates of stars. Also called astrolabe were two-dimensional representations of the celestial sphere: over fixed disks with a representation of the horizon of the earth (in each case for a specific geographic latitude) and its parallels up to the zenith lies a rotating representation of the heavens (called ‘spider’ or ‘net’) with zodiac and indicators for some of the brightest stars. On the back is an indicator (‘alidade’) with visor plates for calculating the height of the stars. The astrolabe allows its user to determine the hours of day and night, the positions of stars, and the height and depth of objects on earth (mountains, buildings, wells). The oldest extant descriptions of the flat, planispheric astrolabe come from Iohannes Philoponus, 6th century AD, and (in Syrian) from Severus Sebokht, c. 660 AD. Indirect references may date back as early as Theon (4th cent.). Between the 8th and the 9th centuries the Arabs appropriated the knowledge of the astrolabe. At the end of the 10th century and again in the 12th century, they passed it on to Western Europe, where astrolabes were constructed up until the 17th cent. Today, one Byzantine astrolabe (from 1062) is extant, as are some 750 Arabic-Islamic astrolabes and approximately the same number of European astrolabes.

This information is abstracted from Brill's New Pauly, the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. For more information see www.brillsnewpauly.com or visit our website catalog: www.brill.nl/bnp
Brill’s New Pauly and the complete original Der Neue Pauly, the recognized standard reference works for students and scholars of the ancient world are also available online. This dual-language edition offers basic and advanced search facilities and is fully browsable. New English translations are added as they become available. See www.paulyonline.brill.nl for more information and a demo version.

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Publications & Services> Books> Book Series> International Law on Peacekeeping

International Law on Peacekeeping

A Study of Article 40 of the UN Charter

Hitoshi Nasu

Books

Available
Publication year: 2009


ISBN-13 (i)The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) has been changed from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007:	978 90 04 17226 5
ISBN-10:	90 04 17226 2

Cover:	Hardback
Number of pages:	xlviii, 324 pp.

List price:	€ 130.00 / US$ 208.00

Table of contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
TABLE OF CASES
TABLE OF TREATIES AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
International Treaties
Other International Documents
LIST OF UN RESOLUTIONS
Security Council Resolutions
General Assembly Resolutions
INTRODUCTION
I PEACEKEEPING IN PERSPECTIVE
1. Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping
2. Concept of Confl ict Prevention
3. Doctrinal Paradigm of Peacekeeping
4. Legal Basis of Peacekeeping within the UN Charter
II ORIGINS OF PEACEKEEPING
1. Embryonic Rise of Peacekeeping
2. Emergence of Peacekeeping under Article 11 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
3. Emergence of Forceful Peacekeeping Measures
4. Transformation from Article 11 of the Covenant into Article 40 of the Charter
III PEACEKEEPING AS PROVISIONAL MEASURE
1. Types of Provisional Measures
2. Call for Cease-fire
3. Peace Observation
4. Peacekeeping Forces
5. Provisional Territorial Administration
6. Preventive Arms Embargo
7. Peacekeeping and Article 39 of the UN Charter
IV Legal Force and Eff ects of Peacekeeping Measures
1. Ambiguity of ‘Calls’ for Provisional Measures
2. Th e Determination of Legal Force
3. Giving Eff ects to the Legal Force
4. Legal Eff ects
5. Peacekeeping and Article 25 of the UN Charter
V IMPARTIALITY OF PEACEKEEPING MEASURES
1. Th e Principle of Non-Intervention
2. Internal Armed Confl icts and the Scope of Domestic Jurisdiction of States
3. Defi nition of Intervention and Neutrality/Impartiality
4. Peacekeeping and Article 2(7) of the UN Charter
VI ENFORCEMENT OF PEACEKEEPING MEASURES
1. Enforceability of Peacekeeping Measures
2. Conceptual Level Analysis: Peace Enforcement
3. Strategic Level Analysis: The Right of Self-Defence
4. Tactical Level Analysis: Rules of Engagement
5. Legal Constraints on the Use of Force in Peacekeeping
6. Peacekeeping and Article 42 of the UN Charter
VII REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PEACEKEEPING
1. Regulation of the Peacekeeping Power
2. Jurisdictional Bases of Peacekeeping
3. Legality of Peacekeeping
4. Legitimacy of Peacekeeping
5. Peacekeeping towards the Responsibility to React and to Prevent
6. Regulatory Criteria for Peacekeeping
VIII REGULATORY CONTROL OF PEACEKEEPING
1. Political Control
2. Judicial Control
3. Self-Regulation
4. Towards Better Control of Peacekeeping
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX

About the author(s)

Hitoshi Nasu is a lecturer in law at the ANU College of Law, The Australian National University. He received his Ph.D. in International Law from the Faculty of Law, The University of Sydney.

It is generally considered that the UN Security Council has been galvanised since the end of the Cold War. However, the existence and development of armed conflicts remain the reality in the international scene. Is the upsurge in instances of invoking Chapter VII of the UN Charter truly a sign of the invigoration of the Security Council’s authority or mere evidence of its failure to prevent the aggravation of armed conflicts? To what extent is the Security Council authorised to exercise the peacekeeping power in order to take a more flexible approach to conflict management from an earlier stage of conflict?
This book explores the potential of the UN peacekeeping power, placing Article 40 of the UN Charter at the centre of the legal regime governing peacekeeping measures. It traces the origins of peacekeeping measures primarily in the experience of the League of Nations and identifies Article 40 of the Charter as the primary legal basis for, and the legal restraints upon, the exercise of the peacekeeping power. It examines the regulatory framework within which the United Nations, particularly the Security Council, is authorised and may even be required to direct peacekeeping measures to prevent the aggravation of armed conflicts. It suggests that the legal accountability of the Security Council in directing peacekeeping measures will be enhanced by utilising procedural mechanisms for self-regulation

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