Multilevel Regulation and the EU

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The Astrolabe

An ancient instrument for solving problems of location and distance, as well as time

Astrolábon órganon is the word used in Ptolemaeus Syntaxis 5.1 to describe a form of armillary sphere consisting of both fixed and rotating rings for determining the ecliptic co-ordinates of stars. Also called astrolabe were two-dimensional representations of the celestial sphere: over fixed disks with a representation of the horizon of the earth (in each case for a specific geographic latitude) and its parallels up to the zenith lies a rotating representation of the heavens (called ‘spider’ or ‘net’) with zodiac and indicators for some of the brightest stars. On the back is an indicator (‘alidade’) with visor plates for calculating the height of the stars. The astrolabe allows its user to determine the hours of day and night, the positions of stars, and the height and depth of objects on earth (mountains, buildings, wells). The oldest extant descriptions of the flat, planispheric astrolabe come from Iohannes Philoponus, 6th century AD, and (in Syrian) from Severus Sebokht, c. 660 AD. Indirect references may date back as early as Theon (4th cent.). Between the 8th and the 9th centuries the Arabs appropriated the knowledge of the astrolabe. At the end of the 10th century and again in the 12th century, they passed it on to Western Europe, where astrolabes were constructed up until the 17th cent. Today, one Byzantine astrolabe (from 1062) is extant, as are some 750 Arabic-Islamic astrolabes and approximately the same number of European astrolabes.

This information is abstracted from Brill's New Pauly, the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. For more information see www.brillsnewpauly.com or visit our website catalog: www.brill.nl/bnp
Brill’s New Pauly and the complete original Der Neue Pauly, the recognized standard reference works for students and scholars of the ancient world are also available online. This dual-language edition offers basic and advanced search facilities and is fully browsable. New English translations are added as they become available. See www.paulyonline.brill.nl for more information and a demo version.

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Publications & Services> Books> Book Series> Multilevel Regulation and the EU

Multilevel Regulation and the EU

The Interplay between Global, European and National Normative Processes

Edited by Andreas Follesdal University of Oslo , Ramses A. Wessel University of Twente , Jan Wouters University of Leuven

Books

Available
Publication year: 2008


ISBN-13 (i)The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) has been changed from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007:	978 90 04 16438 3
ISBN-10:	90 04 16438 3

Cover:	Hardback
Number of pages:	xxii, 426 pp.

List price:	€ 158.00 / US$ 222.00

Table of contents

Acknowledgements
Abbreviations

Multilevel Regulation and the EU: A Brief Introduction Jan Wouters, Ramses Wessel and Andreas Follesdal

Part I: Multilevel Regulation and the EU: Towards a Research Agenda

The Phenomenon of Multilevel Regulation: Interactions between Global, EU and National Regulatory Spheres Ramses Wessel and Jan Wouters

Part II: Mapping the Unmappable:Case-Studies of Multilevel Regulation

Challenges to the Legitimacy of International Regulation: The Case of Pharmaceuticals Standardisation Bärbel R. Dorbeck-Jung

Financial Trade Associations and Multilevel Regulation Caroline Bradley

Multilevel Banking Regulation: An Assessment of the Role of the EC in the Light of Coherence and Democratic Legitimacy Bart De Meester

Multilevel Internet Governance Involving the European Union, Nation States and NGOs Robert Uerpmann-Wittzack

The Interaction between Global, Regional and National Regulation in the Definition of Terrorism Erling Johannes Husabø

The Transatlantic Common Aviation Area: Competing Legal Orders and State Self-Interest
Mirjam Kars and Helen Stout

Part III: Challenges Flowing from Multilevel Regulation

How Do Judges Cope with Multilevel Regulation? Rory Stephen Brown

Legal Protection of the Individual Against UN Sanctions in a Multilevel System Clemens A. Feinäugle

Trapped between Courts or How Terrorist Suspects Lost Their Right to a Remedy Christina Eckes

Multilevel Economic Regulation and the EC Protection of Fundamental Rights Mielle Bulterman

Reducing the Judicial Deficit in Multilevel Environmental Regulation: The Example of Plant Protection Products Andrea Keessen

Multilevel Regulations Reviewed by Multilevel Jurisdictions: The ECJ, the National Courts and the ECtHR Andrea Ott

Hierarchy in Multilevel Regulation Nikolaos Lavranos

Epilogue:Toward more Legitimate Multilevel Regulation Andreas Follesdal

About the Contributors

Index

Reviews

“ …. Legal studies have only recently begun to recognize the phenomena connected to multilevel regulation and this book is apparently the first to provide a comprehensive analysis in relation to the EU. …[T]he book by Follesdal/Wessel/Wouters provides a profound, detailed and well-balanced broad-scale analysis of instances of multilevel regulation relevant
to the EU and, on that basis, some lucent thoughts and recommendations for
dealing with multilevel regulation in the EU's downstream political relations with
member states and, most importantly, citizens.… [T]he book by Follesdal/Wessel/Wouters provides profuse valuable reflections and rich food for thought to scholars and institutional players active in the international regulatory field well beyond the EU.”

Thomas Jaeger in www.icl-journal.com

About the author(s)

Andreas Follesdal is Professor and Director of Research at the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights at the University of Oslo, Norway.

Ramses A. Wessel is Professor of the Law of the European Union and other International Organizations and Co-Director of the Centre for European Studies at the University of Twente, The Netherlands.

Jan Wouters is Professor of International Law and International Organizations and Director of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies and the Institute for International Law at the University of Leuven, Belgium.

Rules are no longer merely made by states, but increasingly by international organizations and other international bodies. At the same time these rules do impact the daily life of citizens and companies as it has become increasingly difficult to draw dividing lines between international, EU and domestic law. This book introduces the notion of ‘multilevel regulation’ as a way to study these normative processes and the interplay between different legal orders. It indicates that many rules in such areas as trade, financial cooperation, food safety, pharmaceuticals, security, terrorism, civil aviation, environmental protection or the internet find their origin in international cooperation. Apart from mapping multilevel regulation on the basis of a number of case studies, the book analyses its consequences in relation to forms of legal protection and legitimacy. In that respect it proposes an agenda for research to study how to cope with multilevel regulation.
This work offers valuable resources for researchers involved in studying the interplay between international, European and domestic law. For practitioners it offers background information on the ways in which many international rules come into being.

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