In the long shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the era of Postnationalism

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The Astrolabe

An ancient instrument for solving problems of location and distance, as well as time

Astrolábon órganon is the word used in Ptolemaeus Syntaxis 5.1 to describe a form of armillary sphere consisting of both fixed and rotating rings for determining the ecliptic co-ordinates of stars. Also called astrolabe were two-dimensional representations of the celestial sphere: over fixed disks with a representation of the horizon of the earth (in each case for a specific geographic latitude) and its parallels up to the zenith lies a rotating representation of the heavens (called ‘spider’ or ‘net’) with zodiac and indicators for some of the brightest stars. On the back is an indicator (‘alidade’) with visor plates for calculating the height of the stars. The astrolabe allows its user to determine the hours of day and night, the positions of stars, and the height and depth of objects on earth (mountains, buildings, wells). The oldest extant descriptions of the flat, planispheric astrolabe come from Iohannes Philoponus, 6th century AD, and (in Syrian) from Severus Sebokht, c. 660 AD. Indirect references may date back as early as Theon (4th cent.). Between the 8th and the 9th centuries the Arabs appropriated the knowledge of the astrolabe. At the end of the 10th century and again in the 12th century, they passed it on to Western Europe, where astrolabes were constructed up until the 17th cent. Today, one Byzantine astrolabe (from 1062) is extant, as are some 750 Arabic-Islamic astrolabes and approximately the same number of European astrolabes.

This information is abstracted from Brill's New Pauly, the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. For more information see www.brillsnewpauly.com or visit our website catalog: www.brill.nl/bnp
Brill’s New Pauly and the complete original Der Neue Pauly, the recognized standard reference works for students and scholars of the ancient world are also available online. This dual-language edition offers basic and advanced search facilities and is fully browsable. New English translations are added as they become available. See www.paulyonline.brill.nl for more information and a demo version.

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Publications & Services> Books> Book Series> In the long shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the era of Postnationalism

In the long shadow of Europe: Greeks and Turks in the era of Postnationalism

Edited by Othon Anastasakis, Kalypso Aude Nicolaidis, Kerem Oktem, St Antony's College, University of Oxford

Books

Available
Publication year: 2009


Series:	International Relations Studies Series, 3
ISBN-13 (i)The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) has been changed from 10 to 13 digits on 1 January 2007:	978 90 04 17112 1
ISBN-10:	90 04 17112 6

Cover:	Hardback
Number of pages:	xii, 388 pp.

List price:	€ 99.00 / US$ 158.00

Table of contents

Preface
Notes on the use of language
Acknowledgements

Introduction
The long shadow of Europe
Othon Anastasakis, Kalypso Nicolaidis, Kerem Öktem

I. Tormented histories, interwoven identities: National narratives of Self and Others
1. Tormented by history: Greece, Turkey and the territorial imagination
Spyros Sofos and Umut Özkırımlı
2. The Lure of Europe: Reconciling the European Other and Turkish/Greek selves
Nora Onar
3. History’s long shadow: The Lausanne treaty and contemporary Greco-Turkish relations
Renee Hirschon
4. Perceptions of conflict: Greeks and Turks in each others’ mirrors
Hercules Millas
5. Genos versus Devlet: Conceptions of citizenship in Greece and Turkey
Ayşe Kadıoğlu

II. Conflicts and openings: Greece, Turkey and the European Union
6. Fault Lines or Integration: The EU impact on Greek-Turkish relations
Gülnur Aybe
7. Reciprocity as race to the bottom in religious freedom
Ioannis Grigoriadis
8. Towards minority policies beyond reciprocity? The EU, Greece and Turkey
Samim Akgönül
9. The Deceiving Shadow of the EU? Cypriot perceptions of the ‘The European Solution’
James Ker-Lindsay
10. Europeanization and Nationalism in the Turkish – Greek – Aegean disputes
Harry Tzimitras
11. EU, Turkey and Greece: The paradoxes of convergence
Nikos Kotzias

III. Beyond high politics: Promise and limits of rapprochement
Economic cooperation: Guarantor of détente or hostage to politics?
Constantinos Papadopoulos
Rapprochement at the grassroots: How far can civil society engagement go?
Rana Birden and Bahar Rumelili
Transforming Divides: Commerce, culture and sympathy crossing the Greek Turkish border
Eleni Myrivili

Index
Author Biographies

Reviews

The Greek Turkish relationship has included conquest and revolution, conflict and co-operation, and, today, a cautious friendship. This is good news for the eastern end of the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and indeed Europe as a whole for when those two crucial re-gional powers fall out, the reverberations are felt in the wider world.
The contributors to this volume discuss in great detail the new uncertainty that permeates the triangular relationship – Turkey, Greece and the EU – underlining the significance of Europe which has continued to cast its shadow over developments in the north-eastern tip of Mediterranean sea.
Margaret MacMillan, Warden of St Antony’s College, Oxford

Readership

Specialists, students, analysts and decision-makers interested in multi-disciplinary perspectives on Greek and Turkish matters, EU-enlargement, conflict resolution and Turkey-EU relations and South East European matters.

About the author(s)

Othon Anastasakis, Ph. D (1991) in Government, London School of Economics, is Fellow at St Antony's College, Oxford and Director of South East European Studies at Oxford. He has published on the extreme right in Europe, EU relations with Central and South Eastern Europe, transition to democracy and regional cooperation in South Eastern Europe and Greek politics and foreign policy.

Kalypso Aude Nicolaidis, Ph. D (1993) in Political Economy and Government, Harvard University is University Lecturer in International Relations at Oxford University and Director of the European Studies Centre. She has published widely on the EU as well as other issues in international affairs in numerous journals including Foreign Affairs, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Public Policy and International Organization. Her books include, The Greek Paradox: Promise vs Performance.

Kerem Oktem, D. Phil. (2006) in Political Geography, University of Oxford, is Senior Associate Member at St Antony's College and research associate at the European Studies Centre. He has published on minority politics, nationalism and transnationalism in South East Europe with a particular focus on Turkey and Turkey - EU relations, and more recently on Muslims in Europe.

Can the European Union transform Greek-Turkish relations? The contributors to In the Long shadow of Europe examine the ambiguities of Europe’s historical role in its Southeastern corner to shed light on the possible paths lying ahead. From their various an-gles, they highlight the paradoxes of a relationship between intimate adversaries, marred by tormented histories, nationalist narratives and bilateral disputes but strengthened by historical familiarity, geographic vicinity, and the imperative for cooperation. And beyond this face à face, the authors show how, as Greece and Turkey developed into independent nation-states in the shadow of Europe, their intertwined trajectories also contributed to defining this same Europe “at the edges.” Beyond the Greek - Turkish relationship, this book illustrates the considerable challenges the European Union faces as a mediating power both within and outside its borders.

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